نشریه مطالعات سیاسی
پیاپی 22 (زمستان 1392)

The main subject of the article is the explanation of political economy and the social formation’s evolution in Iran during the middle Ages and the Modern Ara. The article expresses that how the proprietary rights and the trend of capital accumulation and also the role of private sector as well as the market، faced the limited changes in the composition and the general structure of political economy of Iran from the Saljukian period until the end of Ghajar rule in the 19th century and how gradually the ground was provided for the transition cycles (Primitive transition، Middle transition and the Mega transition) in the political economy and social formation of Iran، from the second half of the 19th century.

In the last three decades after Islamic revolution، the middle class has shown effort to assume more and role to play in the various sectors of socio-politics. However، this class due to its historical dependency on government and its identification with the autocratic rule of Pahlavi the second in the course of modernization spearheaded by Pahlavi''s regime، has not been able so far to clean itself from stigma of having associated with the overthrown Pahlavi regime. This lingering stigma has hampered any effort by this class to play its role as the engine of mobility of political development. As the result of its sociopolitical ineffectiveness this class has become alienated and too marginalized to be able to play role in sociopolitical arena. For the building of middle class identity the first step must be the smaller government and thereafter the effort should be directed toward the building of civil society in support the causes of this class.

The war for God''s sake is called jihad in Islamic texts. The new jihadists have opened a front against the West by selective use of verses from the Quran، despite the absolutely defensive nature of jihad in Islam. The main purpose of this article is to introduce what we call «new jihadism» - as a globalized phenomenon. The method of study and analysis is descriptive- analytical. The result is that new jihadism، represented by Al‐Qaeda، is Islamic violent extremists'' reaction to Western hegemony. The new jihadists consider this reaction as a way of achieving salvation and god’s satisfaction; and also they are caught in the illusion of victory over the West and creation of an imaginary Islamic alternative. Since new jihadists have been developed in the context of globalization it benefits from globalization''s means such as Information and Communication Technology. Transnational Al-Qaeda، as the symbol of globalized new jihadists، has become a trans-territorial decentralized threat. It could be said، after the death of Bin Laden that the jihadists who believe that the very existence of the West is a threat will continue to use decentralized violence to fight a foe which cannot be ignored.

The socio-political upheavals which are still unfolding in the Middle Eastern nations since 2010 began with the objective of changing the previously held relation between government and societies. Generic and undemocratic identity these people from looking for an open society. However، the process of globalization and the explosion of mass communication apparently have helped these people to look for a new identity that helps them become active in sociopolitical developments and to spearhead the needed socio-political changes. So، in this paper it is tried to employ Alexander theory of constructivism and generic identity in explaining the conditions which led to the socio-political upheaval in the nations of North Africa and the Middle Eastern countries since2010.

The major objective in this research is to study the grounds for the expansion of political participation. Political participation is used for the human subjects intending to confront the power with the political participation which encourages it to change from unfavorable to favorable situations. Such sort of action in power games heavily depends on collective structures and constituents displayed in the political culture of a country. Criticizing the double models in the political sociology such as functionalism، structuralism and mono-linear models، psychoanalysis Linguistics، this study aims at offering a theoretical model for studying the culture of political in Iran. We have chosen our analytical model based on critical، communicational and three-fold Islamic، Iranian and western living approaches. We will descriptively show how people may possibly have political participation، and when they will be passive or active in the political arena. In conclusion، the research will defend utilizing a policy instead of a method for the expansion of political participation.

One of the most challenging things about modern Islamic movements، these movements are involved in the formation of identity. Given that the thinkers and theorists such as Castells، Jurgen Habermas، and Alain Touraine identity in the era of globalization and is central to. Therefore، the formation of identity، purpose and behavior patterns of the new social movements، including Islamic neo-fundamentalists is essential. Nevertheless analysts، scholars Islamic movements such as Castells، Demejian، Esposito and Oliver Roy is one of the main reasons behind the formation of the modern movement، including Moderate movements and movements such as the Taliban and al-Qaida، the Islamic world of Western reaction to Muslim nations، policies، strategies Islamophobia in the West، the Western media humiliation Islamic identity، religious identity، and back… Is In fact، about the origins of modern Islamic movements and behavior of classical movements to factors such as globalization، westernization، the West''s policy towards. To project Islam as Islamophobia، Muslims in the West and degrading treatment، contrary to the cultural identity of the Muslim West (Clash of Civilizations)، violent attacks against Islamic countries including America West، West''s support of the Zionist regime، identity challenges in Islamic countries، and… noted.

Sovereignty، government، and power are concepts which have important determining meanings and interpretations as far as politicians and scholars are concerned. People form governments، however for its survival and effectiveness need a system of supervising and control. So، the main question raised in this research is that in an Islamic society with an Islamic government which is believed to have its legitimacy bestowed upon by God، what sort of surveillance and control is foreseen for the survival and prevention of not being evolved into an autocratic government. By looking deep into the guidelines and Islamic teaching we find the mechanism of monitoring and control in the Islamic concepts such as the order of doing right things and not wrong as prescribed by Islamic teaching. The obedience of Imams'' advices and suggestions، guiding of ignorant، accountability of the rulers، breaking away with the unjust rulers، all of which play determining role in keeping and guaranteeing the survival and the success of an Islamic state in compatible to the Islamic jurisprudence.

In the age of globalization، with the features that are associated with the information and technology communications، the importance of intangible and mental elements greatly increased، so that the world witnesses the transformation in the nature of security and geographic variation. In the light of the component powers such as interdependence، communicational revolution، extra-technologies and the rise of non-state actors، new forms of soft power forms the transfer of pore the value and norms can play a major role besides the resources and tools. The purpose of this article، in addition to awareness of limitation of traditional forms of power، is surveying the concept of power due to changes in international politics and then develop conceptual framework which represents the dimensions of this evolution.